Your diet - from the point of view of a mosquito

 

When a mosquito bites you and takes your blood, you probably just curse it. Isn't that selfish? You should think what your blood might be doing to the poor mosquito.

 

A recent paper by a Brazilian group in Rio (Menezes et al, 2025) fed mice a high fat/ high sugar diet for 20 weeks to get, not surprisingly, obese and diabetic mice. Mosquitoes then fed on these mice, or blood from the mice spiked with Zika virus, as well as on normal controls. You might imagine that the obese mice would make a more nutritious meal, but the results were surprising. Not only did the mosquitoes fed on a "high fat" diet show reduced survival, they also showed reduced systemic Zika virus infection.

 

Whilst mosquitoes accumulated lipids, and there was some worry that lipid acclimation would lead to more mosquito fertility, that does not seem to have been the case. Instead the diet seems to have triggered midgut extracellular matrix remodelling, and oxidative damage, eventually killing the insect. Oxidative stress has also been previously shown to have antiviral effects in mosquitoes, whilst blood supplementation with insulin has been shown to trigger mosquito antiviral signalling pathways. Thus altogether, feeding on obese mice had a detrimental effect on both mosquito and virus.   

 

But it's not all bad from the mosquito's POV. Release of radiation sterilised males has been used successfully against many insect pests - they mate with wild females but produce no eggs. The problem is that irradiation tends to make them weaker, so less competitive against wild males. Rodriguez et al (2013) tested three potential radioprotectors - ethanol (5%), trimethylglycine (0.08 g/ml), and beer. Interestingly, Aedes aegypti has more than a dozen genes encoding potential alcohol dehydrogenase proteins. Male mosquitoes were offered these solutions as the sole source of hydration for 48 hours before irradiation and all three potential radioprotectors significantly increased survival over the next two weeks. The beer incidentally was organic lager beer (5% APV, Samuel Smith Old Brewery, U.K) - it is unclear why a laboratory in New Mexico was using British beer, but it does show good taste on behalf of the researchers.

 

Applying these results to the human model is difficult to assess. Certainly the health risks of obesity would be far greater than any benefits from mosquito population dynamics. And beer consumption is actually proven to make humans more attractive to mosquitoes (Lefevre et al, 2010) - as is banana consumption (Paskewitz et al 2018).

 

On the other hand, in the event of an impending nuclear catastrophe, ingestion of large amounts of beer is probably to be recommended.

 

References

 

Lefèvre T, Gouagna LC, Dabiré KR, Elguero E, Fontenille D, Renaud F, Costantini C, Thomas F.  (2010). Beer consumption increases human attractiveness to malaria mosquitoes. PLoS One, 5(3), e9546. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0009546.

 

Menezes A, Walter-Nuno AB, Costa-Bartuli E, Moreira D, El-Bacha T, Méndez AP, Amarante A, Kistenmacker N, Huaman P, Busch M, Pereira J, Ramos I, Atella G, Parente T, Paiva-Silva G, Miranda K, Zancan P, Sola-Penna M, Gomes FM. (2025). A diet-induced obese and diabetic host phenotype reduces mosquito ZIKV infections and remodels gut metabolism. Front Immunol.,16, 1704301. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2025.1704301.

 

Paskewitz S, Irwin P, Konwinski N, Larson S. (2018). Impact of Consumption of Bananas on Attraction of Anopheles stephensi to Humans. Insects, 9(4), 129. doi: 10.3390/insects9040129.

 

Rodriguez SD, Brar RK, Drake LL, Drumm HE, Price DP, Hammond JI, Urquidi J, Hansen IA. (2013). The effect of the radio-protective agents ethanol, trimethylglycine, and beer on survival of X-ray-sterilized male Aedes aegypti. Parasit Vectors, 6, 211. doi: 10.1186/1756-3305-6-211.

 

 

 

Seagrass Restoration for a Healthier Planet

 Coastal erosion is accelerating worldwide due to climate change and human activity, threatening homes, habitats, and coastal communities. Seagrass meadows play a vital protective role by stabilising sediment, reducing erosion, slowing wave energy, capturing carbon, and improving water quality. With global seagrass in steep decline, large‑scale restoration efforts, such as those led by Swansea University, UK, are essential to protect coastlines and support planetary health.

                                                   Image by Dr David Buss created using OpenAI

The impact of coastal erosion

Given that nearly 70% of the Earth’s surface is covered by the sea, coastal erosion (the weathering and loss of coastal land, beaches,marshes, rocks, or cliffs caused by waves and tides) has become a serious problem in many parts of the world. Coastal erosion can lead to the loss of homes, natural habitats, infrastructure, and community livelihoods, resulting in huge economic costs and, tragically, sometimes loss of life.

Having been born in an area with a long coastline and now living on an island, I am well aware of its impact. I have witnessed beaches shrink over time and coastal communities become fragmented.

Climate change and human activities play a crucial role in accelerating coastal erosion. Sea levels are rising due to warming oceans and melting ice sheets. Even small increases in temperature can reshape coastlines. Scientists are now recognising that seagrasses could play an important role in preventing erosion.

Seagrass and its impact

Seagrasses are the only flowering plants that grow in marine environments. Several species exist, many with long, narrow leaves resembling land grasses. Their underground roots spread across the seabed, forming extensive underwater meadows that provide habitat for diverse marine wildlife and, during low tide, non‑marine species such as birds. Seagrasses are among the most widespread marine ecosystems on Earth, covering around 300,000 km² of seabed across 159 countries.

Research indicates that seagrass can act as a critical natural defence against coastal erosion. Their root mats trap and anchor sediment, reducing shoreline erosion by up to 70%. Seagrass meadows also slow wave energy, effectively acting as a buffer during storms.

In addition, seagrasses capture carbon from the atmosphere, reportedly up to 35 times faster than tropical rainforests, and absorb pollutants, improving water quality. Overall, they play a vital role in maintaining planetary health. In recognition of this, the United Nations has designated 1March as World Seagrass Day.

Decline of Seagrass

Despite their importance, global seagrass coverage is declining due to human activities such as rampant coastal development, pollution, climate change, dredging, and damage from boat propellers. The UK has lost approximately 90% of its seagrass meadows, with half of that loss occurring in the last 30 years. Seagrasses in the USA are also experiencing extraordinary decline, with losses of over 90% recorded in Florida’s Big Bend.

Seagrass restoration in the UK

Reversing this decline requires active conservation: protecting remaining meadows and restoring those that have been lost. One notable initiative is led by researchers at Swansea University, under Dr Richard Unsworth. They are developing methods to restore seagrass meadows at scale.

With the planting of 2‑hectare meadows, the team is undertaking one of the UK’s largest seagrass restoration projects. They are now involved in restoration efforts in North Wales, the Solent, and the Firth of Forth in Scotland. Working with research partners, they are developing scalable restoration techniques that could help reverse the decline of this endangered ecosystem on which the health of our planet depends.

 

References: 

The UK's biggest seagrass restoration project - Swansea University

Extensive and Continuing Loss of Seagrasses in Florida's Big Bend (USA) - PubMed

What do albatrosses get up to when we can't see them?

     

The behaviour of some animals is easy to study, you just watch them. But what about animals like albatrosses that spend most of their lives beyond the horizon? We know where they do it, through GPS trackers, but not what they do. Recent research by Aline da Silva Cerqueira at King's College, London, and reported on the King's Global Affairs website might shed some light on this - or rather, not light, sound.

 

Fitting audio recorders to albatrosses allows you to listen in to their lives. They are quite large birds, the two species studied, Thalassarche melanophris, Diomedea exulans, have wingspans of 2.4m and 3.7m respectively, so plenty of carrying capacity (and the devices are much, much smaller than the image above!). And when you get the recordings behaviours can be assigned by what you hear;

 

Flight by flapping sounds, or wind rushing over wings during gliding

Vocalisations such as calls produced by the tagged bird, conspecifics or even other species

Preening characterised by repetitive tapping, scratching, or rubbing noises

On-water activity including splashing, paddling, or water displacement.

 

Of course, the birds might be doing more than one thing at a time, and it takes some experience to interpret what is actually going on. Which brings a further problem, there was a lot of audio! 436 hours worth. Too much, realistically, for researchers to listen to in real time, but they don't need to - this is exactly the sort of thing computers are good at. A Convolutional Neural Network was created in Google Colab and trained using a manually labelled seabird audio dataset. It was then verified by comparison of other data with human assessment, proving accurate over 95% of the time.

 

So what are albatrosses doing? That is the next step! But combined with GPS, environmental data and tools like accelerometers which can tell if a bird is flapping or gliding (Maywar et al, 2025), albatrosses will soon give up their secrets.

 

 

References

 

da Silva Cerqueira, A. , Freeman, R., Phillips, R.A., Terence P. Dawson, T.P. (2025) Automated classification of albatross acoustic behaviour at sea: A free and open-source classifier for seabird sounds. Ecological Informatics 92 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoinf.2025.103474

 

Maywar IJ, Phillips RA, Orben RA, Conners MG, Shaffer SA, Thorne LH. (2025). Differential impacts of wind and waves on albatross flight performance in two ocean basins. Mov Ecol., 14(1),1. doi: 10.1186/s40462-025-00614-w.

 

Take the window bed - even in the Matrix. The Ecocebo effect

 

 

We've all heard of the Placebo effect. But a recent paper by Zandonai & Chiamulera highlighted the "Ecocebo" effect, where a patient’s environment, perceived or real, has a measurable impact on drug effectiveness. This implies that clinical trials should aim for consistency in environment, but also it may open another aspect of therapy.

 

What is an Ecocebo?

It could be defined as a placebo-like effect from one's immediate environment. A variation on this is "neuroarchitecture", the cognitive and emotional response to the built environment, reviewed in Higuera-Trujillo et al, (2021).

So, some examples

A pioneering study by Roger Ulrich published in 1984 compared post-surgical outcomes between two groups with a simple difference - half had windows with natural scenery and light, the other half had windows facing brick walls. The first group not only recovered better, they took less strong medication.

Natural light does seem to be an important factor. Walch et al. (2005) found that spinal surgery patients exposed to high-intensity sunlight required 22% less pain medication per hour, and had 21% less pain medication costs, compared to those in low-light conditions.

Beyond this, in general what gives pleasure helps the patient, and what causes stress does not. But quantifying how to achieve this is not necessarily easy, although it can be done. To take a specific example, Bar and Meta (2007) found curved furniture to be preferred to furniture with sharp corners, and hypothesised this is due to a threat perception as the amygdala is preferentially stimulated by the presence of sharp edges. However, it does seem to be a general pattern, Vartanian et al (2013) showed that not only did subjects prefer curved rooms rather than rectangular rooms with corners, but the curvilinear rooms preferentially activated the anterior cingulate cortex, a region associated with the emotional perception of pain. 

 

Study of the Ecocebo effect - Virtual Reality

Obviously, it is somewhat difficult to build hospital wards specifically for such a study. However, Zandonai & Chiamulera argue that improvements in virtual reality (VR) technologies do present an alternative, being sufficiently "immersive" to fool the brain. Readers have doubtless seen how even watching a good movie can elicit different emotional responses.

Mimicking the original study, volunteers suffering chronic migraines were subjected to a laser pain stimulus when immersed in either a standard hospital waiting room, or an "ideal" room with a sea view. Those lucky enough to get the sea view reported less pain (Tommaso et al 2013).

Following on from this, Presti et al (2022) generated a VR system that presented different architectural features to volunteers, causing varying emotional responses, and this is just one example.

VR therefore would appear to have possibilities for study of beneficial medical environments, or indeed as a treatment itself.

Care should be taken with this technique though. Marín-Morales et al (2021), monitored subjects as they walked through a museum exhibit on the Holocaust, and an identical VR equivalent. Both groups self reported very similar emotional responses, but the VR group had considerably less heart rate variation and vagal stimulation. As Zandonai & Chiamulera comment, the "sense of presence" is subjective, variable, and difficult to quantify.

 

References

Bar, M., Neta, M. (2007). Visual elements of subjective preference modulate amygdala activation. Neuropsychologia, 45, 2191–2200.

Higuera-Trujillo, J. L., Llinares, C., & Macagno, E. (2021). The Cognitive-Emotional Design and Study of Architectural Space: A Scoping Review of Neuroarchitecture and Its Precursor Approaches. Sensors, 21(6), 2193. https://doi.org/10.3390/s21062193. 

Marín-Morales J, Higuera-Trujillo JL, Guixeres J, Llinares C, Alcañiz M, Valenza G. (2021). Heart rate variability analysis for the assessment of immersive emotional arousal using virtual reality: Comparing real and virtual scenarios. PLoS One, 16(7):e0254098. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0254098.

Presti P, Ruzzon D, Avanzini P, Caruana F, Rizzolatti G, Vecchiato G. (2022). Measuring arousal and valence generated by the dynamic experience of architectural forms in virtual environments. Sci Rep., 12(1):13376. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-17689-9.

de Tommaso M, Ricci K, Laneve L, Savino N, Antonaci V, Livrea P. (2013). Virtual visual effect of hospital waiting room on pain modulation in healthy subjects and patients with chronic migraine. Pain Res Treat., 2013:515730. doi: 10.1155/2013/515730.

Ulrich, R.S. (1984). View Through a Window May Influence Recovery from Surgery. Science, 224, 420-424.DOI:10.1126/science.6143402.

Vartanian, O., Navarrete, G., Chatterjee, A., Fich, L.B., Leder, H., Modroño, C., Nadal, M., Rostrup, N., Skov, M. (2013). Impact of contour on aesthetic judgments and approach-avoidance decisions in architecture. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 110, 10446-10453.

Walch, J.M., Rabin, B.S., Day, R., Williams, J., Choi, K., Kang, J. (2005). The effect of sunlight on postoperative analgesic medication use: A prospective study of patients undergoing spinal surgery. Psychosom. Med., 67, 156-163.

Zandonai, T., & Chiamulera, C. (2025). The Interplay Between Environment and Drug Effects: Decoding the Ecocebo Phenomenon with Virtual Technologies. Sensors, 25(17), 5268. https://doi.org/10.3390/s25175268

Ultrafine particles and human health

Photo by Sarah Stephen

We recently highlighted a crucial study that showed the threat posed by ultrafine particles (UFPs) on pregnant women living near airports. You can access it here in the Medium.
 https://medium.com/@ruthstephen/the-dangers-of-aircraft-emissions-exposure-during-pregnancy-6ee57e9a1331

Ultrafine particles are the smallest of atmospheric particles ( ≤0.1 µm in diameter). UFPs show unique physical and aerodynamic properties that are distinct from larger particles within the PM2.5 size range. Although UFPs account little in terms of particle mass, they constitute the majority of particles and surface area.

In fact, UFPs on an equal mass basis may have higher impact on health than PM2.5 and PM10 as unlike the larger particles that are removed by the body’s usual surveillance and clearance mechanisms, UFPs have the remarkable ability to escape inbuilt checkpoints.

This is because their small size facilitates easy entry of the UFPs into the thin membranes of the lung during inhalation and could enter the circulation and can be carried by the blood to distant parts of the body, including the placenta. They have even been shown to be transported to the brain via the olfactory nerve.

Another unique trait of the UFPs is their ability to trap and transport other harmful chemicals in the atmosphere, such as polyaromatic hydrocarbons that are by products of automobile emissions, which could then lead to inflammation and associated detrimental health effects.